doi: 10.1210/jcem-46-3-381
MSC-Exos activate Nrf2/HO-1 expression via the GOT1/CCR2 signaling pathway to prevent ferroptosis, reduce inflammation in OA mice, and improve their performance, providing a potential treatment for OA and other orthopedic diseases
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Common combinations include MOTS-c for mitochondrial function and metabolic enhancement, CJC-1295/Ipamorelin for growth hormone optimization and muscle preservation, or 5-Amino-1MQ for additional metabolic pathway targeting
However, since the clinical trial combines several active ingredients with complementary properties, it is difficult to attribute the observed benefits specifically to L-carnitine